The injection transformer is currently most commonly used when connecting a network analyzer to the circuit under test and is mainly used for control loop stability measurements. The purpose of the transformer is to "inject" a signal into the control loop being measured without affecting its performance. In order to achieve this to an appropriate degree, the transformer is isolated and can therefore operate at high voltages, for example: after performing Power Factor Correction (PFC). Such voltage is often close to 400 VDC. Measurement voltages exceeding the rated voltage of the FRA inputs require suppression probes.
The useful bandwidth of an injection transformer is usually much higher than the 3dB frequency limit. This is due to the fact that the transformer itself is outside the measurement area, leading to the misconception that the transformer is a non-critical component.
The bandwidth of the transformer is strongly related to the terminal impedance. Most network analyzers provide an oscillator source impedance of 50 Ohms. Assuming this impedance, the optimal termination resistor is 5 ohms. This significantly attenuates the input signal, which is generally beneficial, since a common error in Bode measurements is to use too much signal. An additional benefit of such a small value is that the resistor can be left in the circuit at all times, which simplifies connection to the network analyzer and does not significantly affect the output voltage of the circuit under test.
For an input level of -10dBm
Model | J2100A | J2101A |
DCR | ||
Ratio | 1:1 | 1:1 |
Terminating impedance | 5 OHM | 5 OHM |
Bandwidth | 1Hz - 5MHz (Terminated at 5 OHM) 10Hz - 5MHz (Terminated at 50 OHM) | 10Hz - 45MHz (Terminated in 5 OHM) 60Hz - 45MHz (Terminated in 50 OHM) |
Isolation voltage | 600V | 600V |
Insulation capacitance | 390pF@1KHz | 150pF@1KHz |
DC current | 10mA | 10mA |
Temperature range | 0-50 deg. C | 0-50 deg. C |
Maximum height | approx. 1800 m | approx. 1800 m |
*The upper limit of the bandwidth ultimately depends on the connection between the injector and the device under test.
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